A new world order is coming into being. Many call it \u201cmultipolar,\u201d but it is better described as \u201cmulti-nodal.\u201d[2] <\/p>\n\n\n\n
A \u201cpole\u201d is the end of a line between two points. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
But the emerging order is a three-dimensional network, not a two-dimensional axis, or even a collection of axes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cNodes\u201d [\u8282\u70b9] are places where many connections of diverse sizes and intensities originate, terminate, and intersect on differing vectors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Multi-nodal is a more accurate depiction of the geopolitical geometry that is now emerging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the emerging, unfamiliar international system, countries interact and connect with each other in a multidimensional \u2013 not just a bilateral context \u2013 and in multiple, often inconsistent, ways. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
A nation may have poor political relations or military confrontations with countries with which it nonetheless has a lot of economic interdependence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After a century and a half of decline, China is today once again at the center of Pacific Asia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
For the first time in history, it is also a world power \u2013 a nation whose interests and preferences must be acknowledged and addressed in the management of every human domain and activity. In its comprehensive global and regional influence, China now resembles the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As of 2024, there is no other great power with a claim to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But regional and middle-ranking powers are flourishing in the post-post-Cold War environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"🦉\"](\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\/s\/e\/notoemoji\/15.0\/1f989\/32.png\")
Japan is a global power in economic terms and is cautiously returning to a leading role in the political and military affairs of Pacific Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Russia has global military reach but is not a major player in global trade and investment outside the energy sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
India is the hegemon in South Asia but currently has little influence beyond that region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe has global economic reach but is too disunited to act decisively even in its own region, still less beyond it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Britain and France retain strong but receding intellectual and cultural influence in their former imperial domains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Arab world has no cohesion and remains unable to manage its own affairs effectively, still less those of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
All seek to increase their strategic autonomy. None is willing to subordinate itself to China, the United States, or any other potential overlord.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u0397 \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u0391\u03b9\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u0399\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b7 \u039d\u03b9\u03b3\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 T\u00fcrkiye \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n So, the assertion that the international system and its dynamics are now defined by great power rivalry will not withstand scrutiny. This is a peculiarly American reaction to the progressive loss of U.S. dominance in every global domain other than the military. In a world no longer dominated by the bipolar order of the Cold War, all states have agency \u2013 the power to make a difference and to conduct themselves as they perceive their interests to dictate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03a0\u0391 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n The world does not share the Biden administration\u2019s insistent conjecture that history is culminating in a great battle between democracy and autocracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n America\u2019s obsession with democratic ideology arises not from foreign efforts to subvert constitutional democracy in the United States but from internal factors that are eroding democracy and the rule of law domestically. Constitutional democracy can only be built and sustained at home. It cannot be dismantled by foreign refusal to emulate it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u039f \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n The prerequisites for constitutional democracy include the combination of the rule of law with freedom of speech. This Western-invented composite has historically enabled debate among an informed citizenry so that they can advise and consent to government rulemaking. If the United States is becoming less constitutionalist and more authoritarian, as it is, this is disturbing to those who, like me, treasure the values of the European Enlightenment, but it is the result of decisions made by Americans, not manipulation by China, Russia, or any other foreign power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ce, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Western concept of the \u201crule of law\u201d (\u6cd5\u5236) is quite different from the Chinese Legalist theory of \u201crule by law\u201d (\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd), which is now almost everywhere de facto gaining ground. The \u2018rule of law\u2019 is a system in which rulers as well as citizens, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated. \u201cRule by law\u201d empowers a presumptively wise ruler to make rules that can remain unpublished, that are alterable on a case-by-case basis to produce desired results, and that do not constrain the ruler\u2019s own decisions or behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u0397 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u201crule of law\u201d (\u6cd5\u5236) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u201crule by law\u201d (\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd), \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd de facto \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u201crule of law\u201d \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f \u201crule by law\u201d \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cRule by law,\u201d as most clearly advocated by Han Feizi (\u97e9\u975e\u5b50), proposes a system of governance in which decisions by the ruler can and often should be made in secret and enabled by an explicit policy of keeping citizens uninformed (\u611a\u6c11\u653f\u7b56) so that they cannot challenge their ruler\u2019s dictates. This system defines any view inconsistent with the officially approved narrative as \u201cdisinformation\u201d that must be suppressed. It repudiates due process, is subservient to political power and privilege, and allows the rules to be applied selectively, based on who did what to whom rather than what was done and whether it was right or wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u03a4\u03bf \u201crule of law\u201d, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Han Feizi (\u97e9\u975e\u5b50), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (\u611a\u6c11\u653f\u7b56), \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ae \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n These are quite different concepts of governance, and the world\u2019s nations differ on which is most effective and desirable. These ideological differences matter. They manifest themselves in nations\u2019 varied approaches to international interactions as well as in their views of the merits and legitimacy of domestic political systems. So be it. \u767e\u82b1\u9f4a\u653e\uff0c\u767e\u5bb6\u722d\u9cf4. \u201cLet a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend.\u201d As a great reformer once said, \u201cpractice is the sole criterion of truth\u201d \u2013 \u201c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. \u767e\u82b1\u9f4a\u653e\uff0c\u767e\u5bb6\u722d\u9cf4. \u00ab\u0391\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, \u00ab\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb – \u00ab\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u00bb.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n International law is the intellectual legacy of Western societies committed to the rule of law. It is the product of international consensus or of institutions like the United Nations created by international consensus that have been empowered to make rules governing the actions of sovereign states or interactions between them. It resembles the rule of law in that it represents community values, is not the product of the arbitrary dictates of a single nation or group of nations, is openly declared, embraces the concept of the sovereign equality of states, and has established standards and authorized quasi-judicial mechanisms for the non-violent resolution of disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 “\u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039c\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n The purpose of international law is to protect the weak against the strong. That is why its greatest champions today are nations that lack the power or ambition to impose their political or economic preferences on others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u039f \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ironically, given the historical U.S. role in promoting international law, the \u201crules-based order\u201d now promoted by Washington is a modern version of \u201crule by law.\u201d Han Feizi would recognize and approve of it. It supposes that the United States \u2013 or the United States plus the club of former imperialist powers called the \u201cG7\u201d \u2013 can make the rules, alter them at will, exempt themselves from them, and determine to whom else they do or do not apply. This system is rejected as illegitimate by the global majority, which much prefers one based on the United Nations Charter and the decisions of the international community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Meanwhile, the institutions of global governance created after World War II are disintegrating. The United Nations system has been unable to concert an effective response to war and state collapse, global warming, mass migration, pandemics, genocide, species extinction, nuclear proliferation, and other challenges to human existence. The Security Council is paralyzed. Regulatory regimes like the World Trade Organization have played a crucial role in fostering global prosperity and the expansion of the global economy but are now under attack and crumbling. The UN Charter and the international conventions that once constrained national behavior and made the world somewhat safe and predictable are now ever more widely flouted<\/p>\n\n\n\n Like constitutional democracy, respect for international law is now in retreat. It is unclear whether it will be displaced by a version of \u201crule by law\u201d or by an anarchy in which, as Thucydides wrote, \u201cthe strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.\u201d Sadly, Thucydides would not be surprised by what is happening in Ukraine, in Palestine, at the United Nations, or at the International Court at the Hague.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If we cannot fix the UN, we must replace it, as we did the League of Nations. Sub-global institutions with less than universal membership, limited cohesion, uncertain authority, and no demonstrated capacity to address planetwide problems increasingly substitute for the global institutions and legal frameworks created by the international community after World War II. Sadly, my country will not lead the effort to reform these institutions or to preserve international law. Therefore, others must do this as best they can.<\/p>\n\n\n\n America\u2019s distraught response to its loss of economic and political primacy has been to adopt protectionist trade and investment policies and to militarize its foreign policy. But neither protectionism nor militarism can or will \u201cmake America great again.\u201d And neither is an answer to hegemonic overextension \u2013 \u201ctrying to squash ten fleas at once with all ten fingers\u201d \u2013 \u201c\u5341\u4e2a\u624b\u6307\u6309\u5341\u4e2a\u8df3\u86a4\u201c \u2013 an absurd effort that is both futile and debilitating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the nuclear age, no great power should wish to make an implacable enemy of another. But that is how Washington is currently treating both Beijing and Moscow. Meanwhile, the threat of nuclear escalation is demonstrably no longer an effective deterrent against conventional warfare between nuclear powers. Russia is the world\u2019s most heavily armed nuclear power, but the United States has become engaged in a losing proxy war with it in Ukraine. India and Pakistan have fought each other despite their nuclear arsenals. But the risk of escalation to the nuclear level is serious. Just wait till a nuclear power faces a threat of defeat it regards as existential!<\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s worth noting that no navy of any great power has fought a major battle in seventy-nine years. There have been no major amphibious landings since 1950 (seventy-four years ago). There have been no direct air battles between peer competitors since 1954 in Korea, when the embryonic Chinese air force and north Korean planes piloted by Russians engaged in dog fights with the US Air Force. That was seventy years ago. Western combat experience against all but insurgencies is lacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In short, we are witnessing the end of a unified, Western-dominated global order and its replacement by a hodgepodge of collaborations and rivalries at the sub-global level. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Something similar happened to cause the devastating chaos of the \u201cThirty Years\u2019 War\u201d in Europe. That was a disorder composed of warring states, much like the history of China before the Qin unification or India before A\u015boka. But the \u201cThirty Years\u2019 War\u201d ended in the establishment in the Peace of Westphalia of a system of peaceful coexistence between multiple sovereign states that respected their cultural diversity. Its result is memorialized in the \u201cfive principles of peaceful coexistence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The question for your generation and the next in China, the West, and the rest of the world is whether we can replicate that outcome and end our descent into anarchy. We need to craft a peace based on mutual respect for each other\u2019s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other\u2019s internal affairs, tolerance, and equality and cooperation for mutual benefit. If we cannot not do this, we risk more than our prosperity. We risk our very existence.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n [\u0395\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf-\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf. \u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ac\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf \u00ab\u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n It is based on a speech Ambassador Freeman gave to Chinese Attendees at the Cambridge Executive Leadership Program, on July 10, 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n You can read the essay and his other writing on his homepage :<\/p>\n\n\n\n Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong> are growing in power in their regions but lack decisive global clout.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n